Lupus nephritis complicated with malignant hypertension: from renal vascular pathology to clinical relevance.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of lupus nephritis patients complicated with malignant hypertension.

METHODS

We retrospectively studied 19 patients with lupus nephritis complicated with malignant hypertension who underwent renal biopsy between January 2002 and December 2006.

RESULTS

Of 19 patients, 3 were men and 16 were women, with a mean age of 24.4 +/- 7.7 years old. All had positive antinuclear antibodies and low serum complement was found in 13 patients. All were anemic and 12 of them were thrombocytopenic. Impaired renal function was found in 17 patients with an average serum creatinine of 184.5 +/- 88.9 micromol/L. Severe intrarenal arteriolar lesion was found in all patients. Six patients had lupus vasculopathy, 11 patients had renal thrombotic microangiopathy lesion, 2 had severe arteriosclerosis. All patients received steroids and immunosuppressive drugs, 15 received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) with resultant well-controlled blood pressure. Thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia resolved remarkably. The renal function improved or recovered in 14 of 17 patients, and 3 developed end-stage renal disease on maintenance dialysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Severe intrarenal vascular lesion complicated with renal nephritis parallels clinical manifestation of malignant hypertension. Renal pathology is the key of treatment strategy emphasizing on the significance of renal vascular involvement and type. On the basis of immunosuppressive drugs and steroids to control systemic lupus activity, timely initiation of ACEI/ARB could be of benefit to blood pressure control and long term renal survival.