Towards precision medicine for systemic lupus erythematosus and neuropsychiatric manifestations.

INTRODUCTION

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disease with a heterogenous pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to a variety of clinical, immunological, and neuropsychiatric manifestations.

AREAS COVERED: In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of molecular pathways involved in SLE and neuropsychiatric manifestations, focusing on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and the implications of these findings in differences observed in treatment response.

EXPERT OPINION: Great progress has been made in understanding the heterogeneity in SLE, which may help direct therapy. However, neuropsychiatric manifestations still are a challenge in clinical practice, and future studies are needed to identify relevant diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.