Assessing the risk of TB progression: Advances in blood-based biomarker research.

This review addresses the significant advancements in the identification of blood-based prognostic biomarkers for tuberculosis (TB), highlighting the importance of early detection to prevent disease progression. The manuscript discusses various biomarker categories, including transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, immune cell-based, cytokine-based, and antibody response-based markers, emphasizing their potential in predicting TB incidence. Despite promising results, practical application is hindered by high costs, technical complexities, and the need for extensive validation across diverse populations. Transcriptomic biomarkers, such as the Risk16 signature, show high sensitivity and specificity, while proteomic and metabolic markers provide insights into protein-level changes and biochemical alterations linked to TB. Immune cell and cytokine markers offer real-time data on the body's response to infection. The manuscript also explores the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TB susceptibility and the challenges of implementing novel RNA signatures as point-of-care tests in low-resource settings. The review concludes that, while significant progress has been made, further research and development are necessary to refine these biomarkers, improve their practical application, and achieve the World Health Organization's TB elimination goals.