Advances in cartilage repair: The influence of inorganic clays to improve mechanical and healing properties of antibacterial Gellan gum-Manuka honey hydrogels.

Effective treatment of cartilage defects represents a challenging problem, mainly due to the tissue's limited intrinsic self-repair capacity; the use of polymeric scaffolds as tissue substitute is rapidly increasing, but it is still limited by poor mechanical properties. Moreover, the onset of an infection can irreversibly affect the healing process. Accordingly, in this work we describe, for the first time, the preparation of composite scaffolds based on gellan gum, antibacterial Manuka honey and an inorganic clay (mesoporous silica, sodium‑calcium bentonite or halloysite nanotubes). The surface composition, morphology, mechanical and biological features of such composites are herein assessed, aiming to optimize the composition of a superior scaffold for cartilage repair. Results demonstrated that after 45 days of in vitro incubation with human mesenchymal stem cells, the mesoporous silica-composite hydrogels exhibited significant changes in peak elastic and dynamic moduli over time thus demonstrating superior mechanical properties. Moreover, mesoporous silica provided the best performances in terms of in vitro cytocompatibility and antibacterial preventive activity in protection of cells in a co-culture model. Therefore, this selected composition was exploited for subcutaneous implantation in mice to investigate materials biocompatibility and infection prevention. Results demonstrated that composites did not cause severe immune response as well as they were able to restrain the infection. Accordingly, GG-MH-MS composites represent a very promising tool for cartilage tissue engineering.