Socio-demographic factors & adherence of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients to the newly introduced daily regimen: A hospital survey based follow up study.

INTRODUCTION: Poor adherence to anti-tuberculosis medication is a major barrier to its global control. Patient adherence to the standard anti-TB therapy (ATT) in developing countries has been estimated to be as low as 40%. Multiple factors influencing adherence to treatment are: Economic and structural factors such as homelessness, unemployment and poverty; patient related factors like ethnicity, gender, age, knowledge about TB, cultural belief systems, mental state etc. AIMS & OBJECTIVES: This study was planned with the aim to study the association between various socio-demographic factors with level of adherence to the daily regimen amongst newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients at a tertiary care hospital in metropolitan city of Maharashtra. Additionally, we tried to determine the type of non-adherence along with reasons for it.

METHOD: ology: An interview based pre-tested and validated questionnaire was developed & used as data collection tool. Total 181 newly diagnosed, FDC naïve, drug sensitive pulmonary TB patients from DOT center of a tertiary care hospital were enrolled & interviewed for sociodemographic, treatment & adherence details. They were followed up at 2nd & 6th month of their treatment, i.e., IP & CP follow up. Their Nikshay portal data & TB treatment cards were accessed for information on treatment adherence.

RESULTS: Out of 181 patients, 110 (60.8%) were found to be adherent whereas 71 (39.2%) were found to be non-adherent. Among those non-adherent, 64 (90.9%) had treatment gaps (intermittent missed doses) & 7 (9.9%) showed discontinuation of treatment. Majority of these patients reported personal obligations & starting to feel better as the main reason for non-adherence (p < 0.0001). The sociodemographic factors that had significant impact on level of adherence were patients' age (p = 0.013); level of education (p = 0.035); family size (p = 0.018); family history of TB (p = 0.0001) & current smoking habit (p = 0.025).

CONCLUSION: It is evident from the study that socio-demographic factors do have a major impact on patients' levels of adherence to treatment. Family history of TB as well as sputum conversion at end of treatment/CP have been identified as independent risk factors among pulmonary TB patients who are non-adherent to treatment. Thus, ensuring robust availability of DBT & intensive tobacco cessation sessions for all diagnosed patients as well as strengthening system for making prophylaxis available for household & close contacts of patients can help in reducing impact of socio-demographic factors & improving adherence levels.

RECOMMENDATIONS: In-patient care option specifically during IP; regular dietary counseling to improve nutrition & help reduce drug side effects & use of alternate adherence technologies like facility-based DOT or Video Observed Therapy (VOT) wherever feasible can help to improve adherence levels for TB patients from all walks of life.