Potential anticancer properties of bisphosphonates: insights from preclinical studies.

Bone is a common site of metastasis from advanced cancers, and metastasis to bone accounts for the majority of distant recurrences from breast and prostate cancers. Bone metastases are characterized by increased rates of bone turnover. Bisphosphonates are extensively used in the treatment of metastatic bone disease to reduce the rates of osteolysis and the risk of skeletal-related events. In addition, bisphosphonates have demonstrated direct and indirect anticancer potential in preclinical studies. These activities include induction of apoptosis, inhibition of invasion, synergistic cytotoxicity with chemotherapy agents, antiangiogenic properties, and modulation of immunologic activity against transformed cells. Notably, these activities of bisphosphonates are not limited to the bone microenvironment; indeed some effects are mediated on the cancer cells themselves. These preclinical data provide the rationale for the underlying potential clinical benefits from bisphosphonates (e.g., prevention of metastasis to bone and other sites in the early breast cancer setting and delayed disease progression in malignancies involving colonization of bone [e.g., multiple myeloma]). This review article summarizes the preclinical anticancer activities of bisphosphonates in various cancer types and evaluates their potential contributions to the recently demonstrated clinical effects.