Frontiers in immunology · 2026
Blomia tropicalis allergens induce lung DNA methylation changes in neuroimmune genes in a mouse model of airway inflammation.
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Llinás-Caballero Kevin, Acevedo Nathalie, Merid Simon Kebede, Donado Karen, Espinoza Hector, Mondol Ernesto, Reina Randy, Regino Ronald, Benedetti Inés, Zakzuk Josefina, Puerta Leonardo, Melén Erik, Caraballo Luis
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: House dust mite (HDM) Blomia tropicalis is a major global inducer of allergic asthma, yet its epigenetic impact on airway tissues remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to perform an exploratory, hypothesis-generating screening of the DNA methylation changes that occur in lung tissue of mice with robust allergic inflammation compared to saline-exposed controls.
METHODS: We sensitized and challenged BALB/c mice with B. tropicalis extract or purified allergens Blo t 2 and Blo t 13 or saline solution in a model of acute allergic airway inflammation, then assessed lung DNA methylation across over 285.000 CpG sites using the Infinium Mouse Methylation BeadChip (Illumina) (n = 6 mice per group, 24 lung samples).
RESULTS: Allergen-exposed mice exhibit distinct lung DNA methylation profiles compared to controls following exposure to Blo t 2, Blo t 13, or B. tropicalis extract. Analysis of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) revealed 137, 179 and 313 DMRs in mice exposed to Blo t 2, Blo t 13, or B. tropicalis extract, respectively. Genes in key differentially methylated regions included protocadherin alpha genes (Pcdha1 to Pcdha6), cadherin 8 (Cdh8) and interleukin 11 receptor alpha (Il11ra). Genes in DMRs were enriched in several biological processes including homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules and nervous system development. Notably, there was also found significant differences in mRNA levels of neuronal growth genes such as (Gdf7), N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase 2 (Naalad2), prune homolog 2 with BCH domain (Prune2), cerebellin 1 precursor (Cbln1) and, in the proapoptotic gene Bcl2l11.
CONCLUSION: Exposure to B. tropicalis allergens is associated with lung DNA methylation changes in genes implicated in allergic asthma and inflammatory responses, offering novel epigenetic insights and key targets of house dust mite-induced airway allergy. This exposure may involve a joint neuro-immune epigenetic reprogramming in the lung, altering the methylation of cell-adhesion and local neural signaling genes, alongside key lipid inflammatory drivers. Our results support the hypothesis that Blomia tropicalis exposure disrupts the airway epithelial barrier and sensitizes the local pulmonary neuroendocrine network, strongly predisposing the tissue to hyperreactivity and allergic inflammation.
METHODS: We sensitized and challenged BALB/c mice with B. tropicalis extract or purified allergens Blo t 2 and Blo t 13 or saline solution in a model of acute allergic airway inflammation, then assessed lung DNA methylation across over 285.000 CpG sites using the Infinium Mouse Methylation BeadChip (Illumina) (n = 6 mice per group, 24 lung samples).
RESULTS: Allergen-exposed mice exhibit distinct lung DNA methylation profiles compared to controls following exposure to Blo t 2, Blo t 13, or B. tropicalis extract. Analysis of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) revealed 137, 179 and 313 DMRs in mice exposed to Blo t 2, Blo t 13, or B. tropicalis extract, respectively. Genes in key differentially methylated regions included protocadherin alpha genes (Pcdha1 to Pcdha6), cadherin 8 (Cdh8) and interleukin 11 receptor alpha (Il11ra). Genes in DMRs were enriched in several biological processes including homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules and nervous system development. Notably, there was also found significant differences in mRNA levels of neuronal growth genes such as (Gdf7), N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase 2 (Naalad2), prune homolog 2 with BCH domain (Prune2), cerebellin 1 precursor (Cbln1) and, in the proapoptotic gene Bcl2l11.
CONCLUSION: Exposure to B. tropicalis allergens is associated with lung DNA methylation changes in genes implicated in allergic asthma and inflammatory responses, offering novel epigenetic insights and key targets of house dust mite-induced airway allergy. This exposure may involve a joint neuro-immune epigenetic reprogramming in the lung, altering the methylation of cell-adhesion and local neural signaling genes, alongside key lipid inflammatory drivers. Our results support the hypothesis that Blomia tropicalis exposure disrupts the airway epithelial barrier and sensitizes the local pulmonary neuroendocrine network, strongly predisposing the tissue to hyperreactivity and allergic inflammation.