Ten-m4 plays a unique role in the establishment of binocular visual circuits.

The patterning of binocular vision requires distinct molecular pathways for inputs arising from each side of the nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated important roles for members of the Ten-m/Odz/teneurin family in the development of ipsilateral retinal projections. Here, we further highlight the significance of this gene family in visual development by identifying a role for Ten-m4 during the formation of the ipsilateral projection in the mouse. Ten-m4 was found to be expressed in the retina, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), superior colliculus (SC), and primary visual cortex (V1) during development. Anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments in Ten-m4 knockout (KO) mice revealed a specific increase in ipsilateral retinal ganglion cells projecting to dLGN and SC. This increase was most prominent in regions corresponding to temporal retina. Consistent with this, EphB1 expression in the retina around the time of decussation was enhanced in this temporal region for KO mice, suggesting that the increased size of the ipsilateral population arises due to an increased number of retinal ganglion cells remaining ipsilaterally at the optic chiasm due to EphB1-mediated repulsion. The ectopic ipsilaterally targeted retinal ganglion cell projection observed in Ten-m4 KOs was associated with changes in response to ethologically relevant visual stimuli. Together, these data demonstrate a requirement for Ten-m4 in the establishment of ipsilateral projections from the retina, which likely acts in combination with other Ten-m members (Ten-m2 and Ten-m3) to promote the formation of functional binocular circuits.