Is Brucella abortus a facultative intracellular pathogen with mitochondria-like activity?

Brucella abortus is the agent of bovine brucellosis, a zoonotic disease of worldwide importance. In latently infected humans and animals, acute disease may recur under conditions that decrease the host resistance. This bacterium is considered to be a facultative intracellular pathogen. However, its pathogenic attributes appear reduced in comparison with other Gram-negative pathogens. It has been recognized that B. abortus and other Brucella species reach their intracellular location inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of placental trophoblasts and other nonphagocytic epithelial cells. This location is the limiting step for their replication and is in contrast to their intraphagosomal survival and growth in macrophages. To reach the RER, Brucella may be handled as another cellular organelle, like mitochondria. Furthermore, because of its inherent morphological and physiological characteristics, this alpha Proteobacteria may display here some mitochondria-like functions. Finally, external signals mediated by the host hormones and/or cytokines may turn this weak endosymbiotic relationship into a pathological one.