Microbiota and nutrigenomics: beneficial allies or hidden threats.

Nutrigenomics explores how nutrients interact with the genome to influence metabolic and physiological functions through microbial and molecular mechanisms. Nutrients and bioactive food compounds act as biochemical modulators that regulate gene expression and immune responses, sustaining physiological stability. On the other hand, the gut microbiota create a balanced, complex ecosystem that is vital for maintaining host physiology and metabolic balance. The type and composition of diet directly shape gut microbial communities and populations, which, in turn, influence host gene expression. Disruption of this balance can contribute significantly to various health issues. In this context, the gut microbiota act as both allies and adversaries in human health. This review discusses the current state of nutrigenomics, focusing on the complex interplay among dietary metabolites, microbiota, and genes, and linking this interplay to the genesis and prevention of several chronic diseases. This review provides an overview of the unique composition of the intestinal microbiota and its role in mediating nutrigenomic interactions.