Navigation-Guided Subaxial Cervical Pedicle Screws in Revision Spine Surgery: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Traditionally, lateral mass screws (LMSs) have been the mainstay of posterior fixation in the subaxial spine. Although LMSs provide adequate fixation, cervical pedicle screws (CPSs) facilitate high fusion rates (90.5%) and provide for greater bone purchase, better reduction, lower rates of screw loosening or pull out, 2 times greater biomechanical advantage, superior stabilization, decreased development of pseudarthrosis, and decreased revision surgeries compared to LMSs.1-4 In addition, CPSs can be a powerful bail-out option after lateral mass construct failure. Navigation-guided CPS placement has been reported to have an accuracy of 90.3%.5 Navigation has the added advantage of mitigating screw malposition for the placement of CPS because of the smaller pedicle sizes and variability in cervical anatomy.1,3,6 The potential risks of subaxial CPS placement include the risks of vertebral artery injury, spinal cord injury, and injury to adjacent neurovasculature.2 The overall radiographic breach rate with intraoperative imaging is reported to range from 2.9% of 22.9%, with the majority of breaches occurring in the lateral direction.7,8 Despite radiographic breaches, the occurrence of nerve root injury (0.31% per screw), vertebral artery injury (0.15% per screw), and spinal cord injury (0% per screw) is rare.3,7 Here, we demonstrate navigation-assisted C1-C2 posterior fusion, with combined C1 LMSs and C2 pedicle screws with subaxial pedicle screw revision of prior failed instrumentation.3  The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary.