Economic Considerations in the Management of Superficial Bladder Cancer.

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer represents the majority of bladder cancer cases and imposes a significant economic burden due to high recurrence rates and intensive surveillance. Cost-effectiveness analyses help compare treatment strategies, but integration into clinical guidelines remains limited. Financial toxicity affects many patients, particularly those with lower income. While novel therapies and diagnostic tools show promise, their cost-effectiveness is variable. Future efforts should focus on incorporating cost-utility data into guidelines and addressing both direct and indirect costs to optimize care and reduce financial strain for patients and health care systems.