Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors: Evolving Standards of Care-Optimizing Resection, Staging Accuracy, and Recurrence Reduction.

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) remains the foundation of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) diagnosis and treatment. The article covers preop evaluation (history, imaging, vesical imaging-reporting and data system, multiparametric MRI, office cystoscopy, and biomarkers), anesthesia/energy choices to limit obturator reflex/perforation, and operative technique using enhanced cystoscopy and selective en bloc resection (EBRT). It stresses meticulous specimen handling, immediate use of intravesical chemotherapy, and indications for second-look TURBT. Despite progress, incomplete resection and understaging are frequent; and broader use of visualization technologies, EBRT in selected cases, and quality programs are key to reducing recurrence and progression of NMIBC.