Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Insights into Prevalence, Risk Stratification, and Implications for Early Diagnosis.

Bladder cancer is the 6thth most common type of cancer in the United States and tobacco smoke remains the leading environmental risk factor of the disease. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) makes up the majority of bladder cancer cases and is a subtype of bladder cancer that has a high heterogenicity in rates of recurrence and prognosis. The aim of this article is to dive into the prevalence of NMIBC, review the literature and guidelines on how NMIBC is risk stratified, and discuss the utility of early diagnosis of this disease and ways this can be achieved.