Diagnosis and clinical presentation of premalignant lesions of the penis.

Although a considerable number of penile cancers may arise de novo, certain potentially premalignant conditions do exist. We account in some detail for precancerous growths, which may initially be misclassified and not submitted to proper therapy and follow-up. At one end of the spectrum disorders exist that are generally considered as medically benign, such as warty tumors; at the other end growths occur that are highly indicative of being potentially invasive, i.e. giant condylomas, bowenoid papulosis, eythroplasia of Queyrat and Bowen's disease. We also focus on elucidating the clinical behavior of some inflammatory conditions, which may either be of pathogenic significance for squamous cell carcinoma development or give rise to differential diagnostic problems, most importantly lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (balanitis xerotica obliterans). We advocate a vigilant approach for histopathological evaluation whenever any clinical diagnostic uncertainty or therapeutic recalcitrance exists. We also favor the administration of highly active topical therapy against penile chronic inflammatory conditions such as lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, careful clinical follow-up of these cases and surgical treatment of phimosis.