Role of Seminal Exosomes in Reproduction.

Exosomes are small lipid bilayer vesicles, ranging from 30 to 150 nm in diameter, that are secreted by various cells and facilitate intercellular communication. They originate from the endosomal system and release their contents into the extracellular environment. These nanovesicles carry bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids, lipids, and predominantly proteins, influencing target cells and contributing to cell-to-cell interactions. Exosomes play a crucial role in both normal physiological functions and pathological conditions, including male and female reproductive disorders. Various parts of the male reproductive tract release exosomes into seminal fluid. Seminal exosomes, especially epididymosomes and prostasomes, have been shown to influence male fertility. Furthermore, the role of seminal exosomes has been demonstrated in the female reproductive tract during implantation and pregnancy. Evidence shows that the exosomal cargo in seminal fluid differs between normal and pathological conditions, impacting the reproductive process. Consequently, exosomes are considered valuable biomarkers not only for diagnosis but also for potential therapeutic roles in abnormal conditions, particularly infertility. This review aims to explore the role of seminal exosomes in male fertility and their subsequent impact on the female reproductive tract during fertilization, preimplantation, implantation, postimplantation, and pregnancy-associated diseases, as well as the role of exosomes during seminal infections. Additionally, it aims to highlight the significance of seminal exosomes in medical applications and emphasize the need for future studies in this area.