Review on 11-oxygenated steroids in hormone-related diseases: Polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer.

11-oxygenated androgens and oestrogens are biologically active molecules and have increasingly recognised roles in hormone dependent diseases. However, a comprehensive synthesis of existing evidence across major sex hormone-related conditions is still lacking. This review summarises current literature investigating the associations between 11-oxygenated sex steroids and three hormone dependent disorders - polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometrial cancer (EC), and prostate cancer (PC). Limitations and potential biases in current literature are discussed. This review highlights the emerging relevance of 11-oxygenated androgens in both men and women and emphasises the need for mechanistic and prospective studies to clarify their role in disease initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. The potential role of 11-oxygenated oestrogens in hormone dependent diseases remains unexplored.