Children's Oral Narrative Skills Through the Lens of Internal State Terms: A Large-Scale Study of Fictional Stories Elicited With the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives.
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Gagarina Natalia, Bohnacker Ute, Bohn Manuel, Armon-Lotem Sharon, Abashidze Dato, Alamshoev Qurbondin, Alkhimchenkova Daria, Altman Carmit, Amanov Amirkul, Amora Kathleen Kay, Antonijevic Stanislava, Aparici Melina, Argus Reili, Białecka Marta, Blom Elma, Boerma Tessel, Camus Torres Alondra, Chan Angel, Chimirala Uma Maheshwari, Chondrogianni Vicky, Dabašinskienė Ineta, De Gaudio Elena, Fichman Sveta, Galkina Elena, Garcia Rowena, Golegos Angelika, Haman Ewa, Hrzica Gordana, Huff Markus, Iefremenko Kateryna, Janikova Monika, Jensen de López Kristine, Kapalková Svetlana, Karpava Sviatlana, Klop Daleen, Komeili Mariam, Kunnari Sari, Kütt-Leedis Andra, Levorato Chiara, Lindgren Josefin, Maganti Madhavi, Maigaard Jonas, Marinis Theodoros, Mattiauda Elisa, Muszyńska Karolina, Nyarko Gloria, O'Malley Mary Pat, Oriikiriza Celestino, Otwinowska-Kasztelanic Agnieszka, Peristeri Eleni, Perovic Alexandra, Raman Madhavi Gayathri, Roch Maja, Sekerina Irina, Smith Annelien, Sternharz Alyona, Sun He, Talebi Ali, Topaj Nathalie, Tselekidou Freideriki, Tsimpli Ianthi-Maria, Uziel Sigal, Välimaa Taina, Yang Wenchun, Yim Dongsun, Walters Joel
Аннотация
METHOD: In a joint effort of research groups around the world, 5,507 picture-based stories were elicited from 2,763 monolingual and bilingual typically developing (TD) children aged 3-13 years in 32 countries across 44 languages with the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN; Gagarina et al., 2019). These were transcribed and coded for internal state terms (ISTs) that express story characters' thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. Using generalized mixed models, we investigated the likelihood of a child producing ISTs in the stories, as influenced by age, monolingualism versus bilingualism, and, for bilinguals, first language versus second language, elicitation mode (telling vs. retelling), IST type, story type, and story length.
RESULTS: We found strong positive effects of age and elicitation mode (retelling) on IST production, but no differences between monolinguals and bilinguals or for bilinguals in their two languages. Children were far more likely to produce ISTs as initiating events than ISTs as reactions. Story length only predicted IST production in younger children, but not in older ones.
CONCLUSIONS: As shown by this large-scale sample, children's skills in making explicit the internal states of characters in fictional stories develop substantially during the primary school years, across languages, and for both monolingual and bilingual learners. The robust facilitative effect of retelling suggests that retelling may be particularly suitable to use with MAIN when researchers/clinicians are interested in assessing a child's ability to verbalize internal states. Future research should examine ISTs in children with developmental disorders and explore their application in intervention.
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.33857551.