The role of pharmacological interventions in managing urological complications during pregnancy and childbirth: A review.

Pregnancy leads to a number of structural and functional changes in the urinary system, which makes females susceptible to urological complications. This review aims to discuss the epidemiology, complications and prevention and management of urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones and bladder dysfunction in pregnancy. UTIs are the most common urological problem presenting in 10% of pregnant women; Escherichia coli is the most common causative organism. If left untreated, UTIs lead to acute pyelonephritis which occurs in about 2% of pregnant women and which has serious consequences for both the mother and the baby. Kidney stones, although rare, are hazardous, occurring in 1 in 200 to 1 in 1500 pregnancies, and may cause obstructive uropathy, and aggravation of "labor-like" pain. Urological complications are frequent in pregnancy; bladder dysfunction alone has been documented to affect 50% of the pregnant women. Urological complications can have severe consequences when not properly managed including preterm labor and renal dysfunction. In order to have the best pharmacological care, safe use of antibiotics for UTIs is needed along with other measures for kidney stones. This review highlights the importance of a team approach to patient management to optimize outcome and touches briefly on some of the ethical dilemmas that may be encountered when drug therapy in pregnancy is being considered. Therefore, it is feasible to enhance the health of women and the fetus during this period through patient focused care and innovative interventions.