Comparative metabolomic analysis of gingival Crevicular fluid in chronic periodontitis and Peri-Implantitis using LC-MS.

BACKGROUND

To investigate the metabolomic characteristics of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with peri-implantitis who had received implant-supported restorations for ≥6 months and concomitant chronic periodontitis were enrolled. GCF samples were collected using absorbent paper points from residual natural teeth and from the peri-implant sulcus of diseased implants. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to analyze GCF samples. Multivariate statistical analysis combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis was conducted to explore differential metabolites and associated metabolic pathways between the two groups.

RESULTS

A total of 15 differential metabolites were identified in the peri-implantitis group compared with the chronic periodontitis group. These metabolites were selected based on variable importance in projection (VIP) scores and statistical significance. Dysregulation in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was associated with decreased levels of arachidic acid, adrenic acid, and erucic acid. Altered phenylalanine metabolism was associated with increased hydrocinnamic acid levels, while altered tryptophan metabolism corresponded to elevated N-acetylserotonin levels. In addition, pathways related to the degradation of aromatic compounds and microbial metabolism in diverse environments were also enriched. Among these pathways, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids showed the most significant enrichment.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified differential metabolic features between chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis, mainly involving lipid, phenylalanine, and tryptophan metabolism. These findings suggest potential metabolic candidates associated with the CP-PI comparison and warrant further investigation.