Bisphenol A and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate: Hidden threats to female fertility.

Bisphenol A and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate are among the most widespread endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), widely present in consumer products and the environment. Preclinical studies have shown that these compounds and their metabolites may interfere with key reproductive processes, including folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. However, translating these findings into clinical relevance remains challenging. Human studies have yielded conflicting results, with some suggesting associations between EDC levels and reduced ovarian reserve or poorer in vitro fertilisation outcomes, while others report no significant correlations. Differences in study design, population characteristics and exposure assessment contribute to this heterogeneity. Despite the current limitations, the topic warrants attention within reproductive medicine, particularly from a preventive perspective. While evidence remains inconclusive, raising awareness and considering lifestyle factors potentially linked to environmental exposures may be a reasonable step in clinical practice. Further studies are needed to clarify their clinical impact and to guide evidence-based reproductive care.