Imaging of the male urethra.

For imaging of the male urethra, conventional radiographic contrast studies including retrograde urethrography are most commonly utilized. They are best suited for delineating luminal abnormalities of the urethra and thus are commonly used as the primary imaging modality for patients with various urethral abnormalities such as trauma, inflammation, and stricture. More recently, the cross-sectional imaging techniques of ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have been utilized increasingly for urethral and periurethral abnormalities. These studies are most valuable as an adjunctive tool in patients with the complex anatomical derangements such as congenital anomalies, posterior (or bulbomembranous) urethral injuries, and with urethral or periurethral tumors. These cross-sectional techniques can be performed during micturition or with retrograde injection of saline or jelly through the urethral meatus to improve visualization of the urethral luminal abnormalities. This article describes imaging techniques, anatomy, and findings of various urethral and periurethral pathology in the male including congenital anomalies, infection/inflammation, stricture, traumatic injury, fistula, tumors, and calculi.