New directions in male reproductive microsurgery.

During the past decade, microsurgery has become a urologic subspecialty. Historically, vascular and vasal anastomosis have formed the foundation of genitourinary microsurgery. With the advent of improved instrumentation and the interest of devoted urologic microsurgeons, a multitude of new applications of microsurgery in urology have developed. In this paper, we discuss some of the new directions in male reproductive microsurgery.