The role and challenges of plant extracts in obesity management.

Obesity is a global epidemic with various health risks. Plant extracts have gained attention due to their potential in regulating lipid metabolism by inhibiting adipogenesis, stimulating lipolysis, and modulating cholesterol metabolism, as well as influencing energy homeostasis through appetite regulation and thermogenesis. Additionally, these extracts interact with the gut microbiota, further enhancing their metabolic effects. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated their effects on adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, body weight reduction, and improvement in metabolic parameters. When combined with bariatric surgery, plant extracts may enhance weight loss and reduce postoperative complications. However, several challenges remain in plant extract research, including the identification of active compounds, standardization of preparations, and the translation of preclinical findings into clinical applications. Future research should focus on clarifying mechanisms, conducting well - designed clinical trials, exploring synergistic combinations with other strategies, and establishing standardized preparations for personalized treatment.