Fanconi Anemia, AML, and MDS.

The Fanconi anemia (FA) genes are a family of at least 23 known genes that are spread across many chromosomes and participate in interstrand crosslink (ICLs) DNA repair. In this pathway, FA proteins are involved in sensing sites of ICLs, translocating repair enzymes from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, excising the area of damage, and facilitating repair of the fractured DNA. Mutations in these genes lead to Fanconi anemia, a syndrome characterized primarily by pancytopenia but with associated symptoms involving nearly every organ system; the majority of patients present with dermatological symptoms and growth deficits. Additionally, individuals with Fanconi anemia are known to be predisposed individuals to an increased risk of malignancies, particularly acute myeloid dystrophy and myelodysplastic syndrome, but also in the head, neck, esophagus, reproductive organs, brain, skin, liver, and kidneys. In fact, the cytogenetic aberrations seen in those with FA-associated AML differ from those in typical AML. In contrast, the cytogenetic changes seen in FA-associated MDS are similar to those in typical MDS.