Best practices for repair of iatrogenic bladder injury.

Gynecologic surgery carries a known risk of injury to the urinary tract, especially in the presence of risk factors. Injury to the bladder, particularly a mechanical injury, is more common than injury to the ureter. Urinary tract injuries occur in 0.3% to 0.8% of all gynecologic procedures, and injuries to the bladder occur in 0.05% to 0.66% of such surgeries. The risk of bladder injury increases in hysterectomy procedures. Most research studies have cited occurrence of bladder injuries to be 1.0% to 1.8% in laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomies and vaginal hysterectomies. Despite its frequency, there is limited research on best practices for bladder injury repair. The authors performed a literature search through the PubMed database using the terms "bladder anatomy," "bladder injury," "bladder repair," "cystotomy," "routine cystoscopy," and "vesicovaginal fistula." This review uses gynecologic and trauma literature and discusses prevention, recognition, types of iatrogenic bladder injuries, their clinical significance, current guidelines on bladder injury repair, and the expected follow-up care, and concludes by identifying areas for further research.