Preterm birth following fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: Current insights and future directions.

Preterm birth (PTB) remains a major complication following fetoscopic laser surgery (FLS) for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and is associated with significant neonatal morbidity and mortality. This review examines the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and preventive strategies for PTB in TTTS-affected pregnancies. Primary contributors to PTB in TTTS include polyhydramnios-induced uterine overdistention, cervical shortening, and procedure-related membrane injury and inflammation. Despite its clinical relevance, there is currently no consensus regarding the optimal cervical length (CL) threshold for intervention in TTTS cases. Cervical cerclage has yielded inconsistent results in PTB prevention, although no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exist. Current evidence supports its potential benefit primarily in cases with a very short cervix (<15 mm). Cervical pessary has not consistently demonstrated benefit in PTB prevention post-FLS. In cases with short cervix, vaginal progesterone may reduce the risk of very early PTB (<28 weeks) in TTTS, although data remains limited and primarily observational. Limitations in the existing literature include a lack of RCTs, small sample sizes, and heterogeneity in study designs. Despite numerous studies, robust evidence to guide PTB prevention in TTTS remains lacking, underscoring the urgent need for multicenter trials to optimize maternal and neonatal outcomes.