Clinical Microbiome Testing for Urology.

The urine culture is imperfect, and a series of alternative approaches are in development to assist in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of urinary tract infection (UTI). Culture-independent approaches typically do not distinguish between viable and nonviable bacteria, and are generally not included in current clinical guidance. Next-generation sequencing may play an important future role in precise targeting of antibiotic treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria prior to endourologic surgery or in pregnancy. Future studies are needed to determine whether microbiota modulation could prevent UTI. Possible modulation mechanisms may include fecal microbiota transplant, application of topical vaginal estrogen or probiotics, and bacteriophage therapy.