Transgenerational thyroid hormone disruption in zebrafish induced by environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan.

The use of triclosan (TCS)-containing disinfectants has become increasingly prevalent in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a heightened presence of TCS in aquatic ecosystems. Thyroid hormones (THs), which are essential for numerous developmental and metabolic processes, are structurally similar to TCS, rendering it prone to exert endocrine-disrupting effects. In this study, we demonstrate that TCS can induce thyroid hormone disruption in zebrafish, with transgenerational consequences. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS (0, 1, 3, and 10 μg/L) for 30, 60, and 180 days. TCS accumulated in zebrafish over an extended period, causing significant, dose-dependent alterations in TH levels. Furthermore, TCS significantly thereby interfered with the expression of thyroid axis-related genes in the P0-F1 generations. Molecular docking further confirmed that TCS induces transgenerational thyroid effects through potentially strong interactions with thyroglobulin (TG), interfering with the normal physiological function of THs. These findings suggest that TCS at environmentally relevant concentrations can exert ecologically harmful effects by disrupting THs. A rigorous ecological assessment of TCS is recommended before promoting or substituting antimicrobial agents in future disinfection products.