Release of volatile organic compounds from raw and torrefied polymer components of the refuse-derived fuel: Characterization and implications.

Torrefaction has been proposed as a pre-treatment method for refuse-derived fuel (RDF), enabling the production of carbonized solid fuel (CSF) and improved fuel properties. Yet, the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the product raises concerns for environmental and occupational safety, especially during storage and handling. This study investigates the composition and hazard potential of VOCs released from torrefied polymeric RDF components. Five common plastic waste components were selected and torrefied at controlled conditions at 200-300 °C. VOC release was analyzed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC-MS. The results demonstrate a strong dependence of VOC release on polymer type, with no uniform or monotonic temperature-dependent trend observed across all materials. While certain polymers exhibited increased VOC release at intermediate torrefaction temperatures, others showed decreasing or irregular patterns. Aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and halogenated compounds were identified as dominant compound classes. Although torrefaction of polymers improves the resulting fuel quality, residual VOC release from CSF remains a concern. This work highlights the need for post-treatment assessment of RDF-derived CSF and provides a foundation for evaluating storage safety, environmental and health impact, and future regulatory considerations.