Comparison of adverse events of three anti-VEGF drugs for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of irreversible central vision loss among elderly individuals in developed countries. The neovascular form of AMD is currently treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, particularly ranibizumab, aflibercept, and bevacizumab. Although these therapies significantly improve visual outcomes, repeated intravitreal administration requires continuous monitoring of ocular and systemic adverse events. This review compares the safety profiles of the three principal anti-VEGF agents used for AMD treatment through analysis of pharmacovigilance data, regulatory reports, and major clinical trials. Particular attention is dedicated to ocular complications, systemic thromboembolic events, and the implications of off-label bevacizumab use. Current evidence suggests an overall comparable efficacy and safety profile among the three agents, although Bevacizumab requires stricter preparation and monitoring protocols because of its off-label use. Pharmacovigilance remains essential for identifying safety signals, supporting regulatory decisions, and optimising therapeutic strategies in ophthalmology.