Olfactory deprivation in pigeons: examination of methods applied in homing experiments.

1. Effectiveness of three methods of olfactory deprivation or impairment was tested by means of unconditioned cardiac acceleration in response to odorous stimuli. 2. Occlusion of nostrils reduced stimulus intensity to approx. 20-30% of the level in unimpeded state. Capability of stimulus quantification remained unimpaired. 3. Bilateral olfactory nerve section and backward bending of the nerve stumps irreversibly eliminated responses to weaker stimuli. With higher concentrations of the odorant, pigeons responded at a reduced level, most likely due to trigeminal reception. 4. Spraying the nasal cavities with an anaesthetic largely abolished sensitivity to odorous stimuli. However, its effect was quite variable depending on the kind of application (which cannot be fully standardized). The time course of effectiveness is shown. 5. The relevance of these findings to experiments on pigeon homing is discussed. Conclusions on involvement of unspecified non-olfactory stimuli can only be drawn if methods are applied that reliably isolate the birds from airborne environmental odours.