Complications of ureteroscopy.

Ureteroscopy with the rigid instrument is now an integral part of the endourologic armamentarium for the management of patients with ureteral calculi. Our experience demonstrates that ureteroscopy can be a safe, efficacious, and less invasive modality. Morbidity will be lowered with proper patient selection, meticulous attention to technique, and use of the proper equipment. Prevention is the best way to avoid serious complications of ureteroscopy. The following guidelines are recommended: Ureteroscopy should be used primarily for patients with distal ureteral calculi. A guidewire should be in place at all times during ureteroscopy. Fragmentation devices should be available. No forceful manipulations should be undertaken during either introduction of the instrument or manipulation of the calculus. When access or manipulation is difficult, a stent should be placed in the ureter for ureteroscopy at a later date. When perforation occurs, a stent should be placed in the ureter and the injured dry unstented ureter complex avoided. Alternative endourologic modalities should be used when appropriate. When practicing urologists are aware of the indications, potentials, and limitations, ureteroscopy and other endourologic methods will permit safe successful treatment of most patients with ureteral calculi.