Compartment Syndrome Secondary to Envenomation by Bothrops asper: Anesthetic Challenges.

Snakebite envenomation caused by Bothrops asper is a significant public health problem in Costa Rica and may result in severe local and systemic complications. A 25-year-old previously healthy female sustained a Bothrops asper bite to the right upper limb and subsequently developed extensive edema, muscle necrosis, and clinical compartment syndrome requiring urgent fasciotomy. The clinical course was complicated by venom-induced coagulopathy, ulnar artery thrombosis, anemia requiring transfusion, multiple surgical debridements, negative-pressure wound therapy, and split-thickness skin grafting. From a perioperative perspective, coagulopathy significantly influenced anesthetic planning, favoring general anesthesia over regional or neuraxial techniques to reduce bleeding risk. Postoperative pain management was challenging due to combined nociceptive and neuropathic mechanisms; morphine-induced hallucinations prompted transition to a multimodal, opioid-sparing regimen including pregabalin and transdermal lidocaine. Persistent ulnar and median neuropathy with functional impairment remained, despite rehabilitation. This case highlights the complexity of perioperative management in snakebite-associated compartment syndrome and underscores the importance of individualized anesthetic planning, close hemostatic monitoring, and multimodal analgesia to reduce long-term morbidity.