Retrospective Study over 15-years Period on Zygomathic arch Fractures: A Single Center Experience.

The steadily increasing global population and food demand have intensified the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture, leading to environmental concerns. This study explored endophytic bacterial diversity associated with wild Solanum species as potential eco-friendly alternatives for promoting rice growth. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the roots of Solanum nigrum, S. sisymbriifolium, and S. virginianum and aseptically cultured. Nine bacterial strains (S1-S9) were selected based on distinct colony morphology and screened for in vitro plant growth-promoting activities, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and hydrogen cyanide, siderophore, and indole-3-acetic acid production. Several isolates exhibited multiple growth-promoting attributes under in vitro conditions. The isolates were further characterized through enzymatic/biochemical assays and identified as Achromobacter insolitus, Bacillus sp., Microbacterium sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens based on 16 S rDNA sequencing; phylogenetic relationships were inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The representative strains (S1, S3, S5, and S7) of four different species with better in vitro performance were evaluated for in vivo rice growth promotion. Strain S5 showed highest seed germination (82.29%), root length (19.45 ± 0.37 cm), shoot length (17.23 ± 0.35 cm), and total biomass (11.44 ± 0.53 g). Strain S3 induced the maximum number of roots (12.50 ± 0.29), while the highest total soluble carbohydrate (42.86 ± 0.85 mg/g) and protein contents (41.09 ± 0.66 mg/g) were recorded for S3 and S7, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that endophytic bacteria associated with wild Solanum species possess promising plant growth-promoting potential and may serve as sustainable biofertilizer candidates for rice cultivation.