Noninvasive Wearable Sensors for Monitoring Bladder Dysfunction: A Systematic Review of Nurse and Urologist Involvement.

BACKGROUND

Bladder dysfunction requires noninvasive and accurate tools for continuous monitoring in clinical and home settings. Wearable sensors represent a promising technology, with potential applications in bladder assessment and nursing practice, but available evidence is still limited.

METHODS

A systematic review of studies published from 2015 to 2025 on noninvasive wearable sensors for monitoring bladder dysfunction was conducted. Clinical, pilot, and technology studies reporting data on accuracy, usability, adherence, quality of life, and healthcare implications were included. The synthesis was narrative.

RESULTS

Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. The devices demonstrated good accuracy and acceptance, with concerns related to positioning, motion artifacts, and the lack of standardized quality of life measures. The central role of nursing staff in the use, training, and management of notifications was highlighted.

DISCUSSION: Wearable sensors show potential in the management of bladder dysfunction, but clinical evidence is preliminary. Pragmatic studies are needed to define their clinical, organizational, and economic impact.