Potential Antidote Against Lead Toxicity-A Review.

As chronic lead (Pb) exposure is a serious threat to public health in many countries, we intended to provide a review of the effective antidote for Pb intoxication. In this context, we explored the recent literature focusing on animal studies that provide clear evidence of the efficacy of supplementation with certain antioxidants, such as spirulina, curcumin, garlic, vitamin C, and vitamin E, for different periods of time, in the conditions of Pb exposure, drawing attention to the mechanisms of their beneficial action. Data collected clearly indicate that spirulina, curcumin, garlic, vitamin C, and vitamin E may play an important role in alleviating some of the toxic effects caused by Pb. Their use may represent an interesting direction in the development of new therapies to combat the toxicity of this toxic, non-essential metal. However, it seems essential to identify a safe dose range for these antioxidants in order to derive benefits from their properties during Pb intoxication. Clinical trials seem to be necessary to recognize the long-term effects of supplementation with these antioxidants and to establish the minimum effective dose with minimal side effects. Future studies are also required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of action of spirulina, curcumin, garlic, vitamin C, and vitamin E against Pb toxicity and the mechanisms of their interactions with chelating agents to enhance potential beneficial effects.