Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage: Design Strategies and Applications.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives have attracted extensive attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage owing to their tunable compositions, high specific surface areas, well-defined porous structures, and flexible structural designability. In recent years, MOF-derived materials can effectively address the intrinsic limitations of conventional electrode materials, such as low electrical conductivity, sluggish ion diffusion, structural instability, and insufficient active sites. According to their compositional characteristics, MOF-derived materials can generally be classified into three categories: MOF-derived carbon materials, MOF-derived metal compounds, and MOF-derived metal/carbon composites. This review covers representative studies published from 2014 to 2026 across these three material categories. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress on these three classes of MOF-derived materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), and supercapacitors, with a focus on their preparation strategies, structure-property relationships, and mechanisms for enhancing electrochemical performance. Finally, the current challenges and future development directions of MOF-derived materials in electrochemical energy storage are discussed. This review is expected to provide useful guidance for the rational design of high-performance MOF-derived electrode materials and the development of next-generation energy storage devices.