Bacterial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Saudi Arabia.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is the leading oil-exploring and -exploiting country in the world. As a result, contamination of the environment by petroleum products (mainly hydrocarbons) is common, necessitating strategies for their removal from the environment. Much work has been conducted on bacterial degradation of hydrocarbons in the KSA. This review comprehensively analyzed 43 research investigation articles on bacterial hydrocarbon degradation, mainly polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within the KSA. More than 30 different bacterial genera were identified that were capable of degrading simple and complex PAHs, including benzo[a]pyrene and coronene. Different strategies for selecting and isolating these bacterial strains and their advantages and disadvantages were highlighted. The review also discussed the origins of sample inocula and the contributions of various research groups to this field. PAH metabolites produced by these bacteria were presented, and biochemical pathways of PAH degradation were proposed. More importantly, research gaps that could enrich our understanding of petroleum product biodegradation mechanisms were highlighted. Overall, the information presented in this paper will serve as a baseline for further research on optimizing bioremediation strategies in all petroleum-contaminated environments.