Gender Biases in Male Infertility and Its Impact on Women: A Qualitative Exploration.

Background: Infertility affects millions worldwide, and gender biases can shape perceptions of both infertility and treatment, ultimately influencing the quality of care. Aim: This study explores gender biases in male infertility and their impact on affected women. Methods: Conducted in Iran between June and November 2023 by nurse researchers, this qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with six couples whose male partners had primary infertility, a fertility lawyer, and a midwife. The collected data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman's inductive content analysis method. Results: The central theme of the findings is "Female Perception of Male Infertility," guided by three categories: the feminization of infertility, the weight of male infertility treatment on female shoulders, and the pressure of masculinity on women. Conclusion: The findings highlight the existing gender biases regarding male infertility and its treatment and how they affect women with infertility. It is recommended that health policymakers and healthcare providers provide culturally sensitive care and support to reduce the stigma associated with male infertility that affects women and address gender biases regarding male infertility.