Varenicline limits ischemia reperfusion injury following testicular torsion in mice.

BACKGROUND: Torsion of the spermatic cord and the resulting testicular ischemia leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines and cell death due to impaired aerobic metabolism. Following reperfusion of the testis, a robust innate inflammatory response furthers tissue injury due to the production of reactive oxygen species and disruption of normal capillary function. Blunting the innate immune response with antioxidants, anti-inflammatory medications and targeted genetic interventions reduces long term testicular injury in animal models of torsion, however these approaches have limited clinical applicability. Mediated via α7 nACh receptors, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway limits NFKB signaling and prevents renal fibrosis following warm renal ischemia. We identified varenicline as an FDA approved α7 nAChR agonist and hypothesized that varenicline administration would decrease long-term testicular atrophy and fibrosis in a murine model of testicular torsion.

METHODS: Using an established model, unilateral testicular torsion was induced in mature male CD1 mice by rotating the right testicle 720° for 2 h. In the treatment group, 4 doses of varenicline (1mg/grm) were administered via intraperitoneal injection every 12 h, with the first dose given 1 h after the creation of testicular torsion. The acute inflammatory response was evaluated 48 h following reperfusion of the testis. Long term outcomes were evaluated 30 days following testicular perfusion.

RESULTS: 48 h following reperfusion, the testis of animals treated with varenicline demonstrated a significant reduction in the inflammatory response as measured by the acute immune cell infiltrate, myeloperoxidase activity, concentration of reduced glutathione and expression of downstream NF-KB targets. 30 days following reperfusion, animals treated with varenicline, demonstrated decreased testicular atrophy (Summary Figure), fibrosis and expression of pro-fibrotic genes.

CONCLUSION: Activation of a central immunosuppressive cascade with varenicline after the onset of testicular torsion reduces ischemia reperfusion injury and prevents long term testicular atrophy and fibrosis. Further studies are needed to define the optimum dose and varenicline administration regimen. Our results suggest that varenicline offers a novel, FDA approved, adjunct to the current management of testicular torsion.