Overview of the re-evaluation of trace elements as nutritional feed additives in the European Union: characterization, safety, and efficacy.

The re-evaluation of feed additives in the European Union was outlined in the Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003. The primary objectives were to ensure safety and verify efficacy, as well as to update authorizations and phase out unsafe additives or those in which the industry expressed no interest. The scientific component of the re-evaluation was assigned to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). A total of 35 compounds of eight trace elements (iron, zinc, manganese, copper, iodine, selenium, cobalt, and molybdenum) were re-evaluated. Between 2012 and 2019, the EFSA released 33 scientific opinions concerning generic aspects of trace elements or specific compounds. Characterization, safety, and efficacy were assessed. These opinions and the nine authorizing regulations form the basis of the present overview. This article summarizes the procedures and key outcomes of the re-evaluation of trace elements as feed additives in the EU, and highlights the policy decisions adopted by risk managers. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.