Frontiers in chemistry · 2026
Sequential soxhlet fractionation of Cistus ladanifer L. reveals a polarity-activity gradient: GC-MS profiling, multimechanistic bioactivity, and in silico identification of antifungal and antibacterial lead compounds.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
Обработка статьи · этапы, ошибки и управление
Загрузка состояния…
Ошибки и ограничения
История · было → стало
Состояние обновляется каждые 5 секунд, пока блок открыт. Процент показывается только там, где известен объём работы. Пауза останавливает продолжение этапа; текущий запрос к источнику может завершиться.
Abdelfattah Bahia, Khibech Oussama, Mrabet Amena, Maataoui Jaber, Kchikich Amr, Shahat Abdelaaty A, Herqash Rashed N, Basilua Joe Miantezila, Bouhrim Mohamed, El Cadi Asmae, Khaddor Mohamed
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: AMR and oxidative stress are among the most pressing biomedical challenges, requiring structurally novel multi-target bioactive molecules. Cistus ladanifer L. is an ethnobotanical resource whose polarity-resolved phytochemical profile remains largely incomplete.
METHODS: C. ladanifer leaves (Rmilate forest, Tangier) were fractionated by sequential Soxhlet extraction (n-hexane, chloroform, ethanol, water) and evaluated by phytochemical quantification, FTIR, GC-MS, four antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC), antibacterial well-diffusion/microdilution (S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa), antifungal assays (T. rubrum, M. canis, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum), and ADMET/docking of four marker compounds (EOMCP, DHMAQ, esculin, diosgenin).
RESULTS: A strict polarity-dependent gradient was observed, with the aqueous fraction showing the highest phenolic (140 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoid (148 mg QE/g DW), and tannin (210 mg TAE/g DW) content; strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 0.09 mg/mL; FRAP = 65.25 mg TE/g DW); lowest MIC (0.25 mg/mL, bactericidal, MBC/MIC ≤4); and highest antifungal inhibition (86.0% against T. rubrum at 4 mg/mL). Diosgenin showed the strongest docking affinity against CYP51B (5FRB, -12.7 kcal/mol), exceeding the reference ligand.
DISCUSSION: These findings establish a polarity-activity framework supporting C. ladanifer's valorization as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal resource, pending cytocompatibility and in vivo evaluation.
METHODS: C. ladanifer leaves (Rmilate forest, Tangier) were fractionated by sequential Soxhlet extraction (n-hexane, chloroform, ethanol, water) and evaluated by phytochemical quantification, FTIR, GC-MS, four antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC), antibacterial well-diffusion/microdilution (S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa), antifungal assays (T. rubrum, M. canis, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum), and ADMET/docking of four marker compounds (EOMCP, DHMAQ, esculin, diosgenin).
RESULTS: A strict polarity-dependent gradient was observed, with the aqueous fraction showing the highest phenolic (140 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoid (148 mg QE/g DW), and tannin (210 mg TAE/g DW) content; strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 0.09 mg/mL; FRAP = 65.25 mg TE/g DW); lowest MIC (0.25 mg/mL, bactericidal, MBC/MIC ≤4); and highest antifungal inhibition (86.0% against T. rubrum at 4 mg/mL). Diosgenin showed the strongest docking affinity against CYP51B (5FRB, -12.7 kcal/mol), exceeding the reference ligand.
DISCUSSION: These findings establish a polarity-activity framework supporting C. ladanifer's valorization as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal resource, pending cytocompatibility and in vivo evaluation.