Examination of the cervical spine.

Examination of the cervical spine is discussed briefly in relation to history, neurological examination, vertebrobasilar insufficiency and x-rays. The general principles of examining cervical movements are presented. Details of the examination are discussed in more detail under the following headings: the upper cervical spine and its examination for cervical headache; the middle cervical spine with its examination being related to spondylosis/arthrosis; the middle and lower cervical spine and its examination related to wry neck, nerve root irritation or compression, and whiplash injury.