Quantification of amygdalin, prunasin, mandelonitrile, and free cyanide in homemade and commercial Prunus mume syrups using UHPLC-(ESI)QqQ-MS/MS and their dietary risk assessment.

This study aimed to characterize cyanogenic compounds in Prunus mume fruit syrups and assess dietary exposure among the Korean population. In total, 670 syrup samples were analyzed for amygdalin, prunasin, mandelonitrile, and free cyanide using UHPLC-(ESI)QqQ-MS/MS. Cyanogenic glycosides were the predominant cyanide forms in fruit syrups. Free cyanide represented a minor fraction. Mean total cyanide content in homemade syrups was 3.41 mg CN- eq./kg, with values ranging from 2.61 to 7.04 mg CN- eq./kg, depending on the aging period. Liquid tea-type products predominated among commercial P. mume fruit syrups (>80%) and had a mean total cyanide content of 11.23 mg CN- eq./kg. Dietary exposure estimates remained below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake even at 95th and 99th percentile consumption levels. Overall, these findings indicate that P. mume fruit syrup poses a low risk related to cyanide and provides baseline data to support guideline development.