Lifelong cognitive and motor outcomes after being born small for gestational age or with fetal growth restriction.

Children born with fetal growth restriction (FGR) or small for gestational age (SGA) face an increased risk of motor and cognitive impairments, although prevalence and severity vary across studies due to differences in definitions, assessment methods, and population characteristics. In recent years, advances in technology and clinical awareness have led to a growing body of research on the relationship between fetal growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes. This mini-review synthesises recent findings on the impact of SGA and FGR on neurodevelopment in preterm and term infants across the lifespan. Three databases were screened to identify original studies published between 2020 and 2025 with 40 studies meeting the selection criteria. Evidence suggests that children born SGA or with FGR are at higher risk of cognitive impairments, which may persist into later life; however, results from some preterm cohorts do not show significant associations. Findings on sensory and behavioural outcomes are limited and heterogeneous, reflecting the fewer studies that have addressed these domains. Regarding motor outcomes, reports on cerebral palsy remain inconsistent, with some studies suggesting no increased risk. In contrast, broader evaluations of motor function consistently indicate a higher prevalence, particularly among term-born cohorts. Together, these findings highlight the need for refined definitions, standardised assessment tools, and longitudinal studies to clarify the developmental trajectories of children born with growth complications and to guide early interventions.