Diagnosis and treatment of nephrolithiasis: current perspectives.

Urinary stones are a frequent cause of morbidity in persons in affluent industrialized societies. The surgical management of symptomatic stones in the upper urinary tract has changed dramatically in the past generation, largely because of the introduction of progressively less invasive treatment techniques. The concurrent revolution in radiologic imaging and interventional techniques has mirrored the surgical experience. This article reviews the current diagnosis and therapy of nephrolithiasis. An evaluation of the complex metabolic abnormalities present in the population of patients with urolithiasis is beyond the scope of this article, but several good reviews of this subject have been published recently [1-4]. Because primary urolithiasis involving the bladder or urethra is less common and is a separate medical entity, this article is focused on renal and ureteral calculi.