When Adverse Experiences Influence the Interpretation of Ourselves, Others and the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Maladaptive Schemas in Victims of Violence.

PURPOSE: Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are dysfunctional emotional and cognitive patterns formed in childhood due to negative experiences that hinder basic psychological needs. These schemas shape beliefs about oneself, others and the world, influencing relationships and overall functioning. This study aims to identify common EMS among victims of violence and their associations with specific types of abuse, offering insight into underlying beliefs that may contribute to repeated victimization.

METHODS

Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of observational studies published between May and January 2025, analysing data from online databases. Studies included survivors aged 14 to 60, assessed with the Young Schema Questionnaire. Meta-analyses with random-effects models calculated mean effect sizes and correlation coefficients, while meta-regressions examined the influence of age, gender and country.

RESULTS

A total of 20 studies were included. Survivors exhibited various EMS, including self-sacrifice, unrelenting standards, abuse, abandonment, dependence and vulnerability to harm. Psychological abuse was strongly linked to emotional deprivation, abuse, social isolation, failure, abandonment, emotional inhibition, vulnerability to harm, defectiveness, dependence and subjugation. Survivors of physical abuse frequently displayed emotional deprivation, social isolation and vulnerability to harm. Among survivors of intimate partner violence, the most prevalent schemas were subjugation, emotional deprivation, abuse and social isolation. Meta-regressions indicated that age, gender and country influenced certain EMS.

CONCLUSIONS

Identifying maladaptive schemas enhances our understanding of survivors' dysfunctional beliefs, which is essential for developing more effective, individualized interventions and preventive strategies.