Detection of Kell blood groups: molecular methods in the diagnostic laboratory.

The introduction of molecular biology techniques to the field of transfusion medicine has allowed more detailed analysis of the basis for the expression of several blood-group antigens. The application of the polymerase chain reaction for the determination of red-cell blood-group genotype is a highly sensitive technique that can be used to determine the likelihood of a fetus being affected by haemolytic disease of the fetuses or newborn. This alone makes polymerase chain reaction based techniques highly desirable for such applications. The determination of the genetic basis for the Kell/Cellano polymorphism has enabled the development of polymerase chain reaction-based techniques for genotyping. Several other red-cell blood-group antigen polymorphisms can also be analysed in this way.