Species Dependent Toxicity Comparison Outcome.

Toxicity comparison plays a crucial role in material selection across diverse application fields. Accurate and systematic comparison of toxicity responses among different materials is essential for developing environmentally friendly and safer advanced technologies. In this study, we report a unique phenomenon in toxicity comparison: the relative toxicity ranking between two perovskite compositions reverses when the animal species is changed. We quantitatively assess and compare toxicity responses ranging from macroscopic observations (body weight, organ index, and blood biochemistry) to molecular-level responses (transcriptomic alterations) across different species and material compositions. Our results reveal that the toxicity variation induced by a species change (from mice to rabbits) exceeds that caused by a compositional change (from lead to tin perovskite). The tiny overlap of damaged genes and biological pathways between mice and rabbits accounts for the pronounced interspecies toxicity differences. Furthermore, tin-based perovskites display greater sensitivity to species variation than their lead-based counterparts. Consequently, while lead-based perovskites are more toxic in mice, this trend reverses in rabbits, where tin-based perovskites exhibit higher toxicity. This work provides new insight into how species-dependent biomolecular responses fundamentally shape toxicity comparison outcomes.